| Production |
Ore → SX-EW/ER → Grade A cathode; QA/assay, brand allocation |
Producer using cash flow, PXF
, or trader prepay |
Output is pre-sold to lenders/offtakers. “We’ll take 5,000 MT” is noise without replacing that finance. |
| Border & inland |
Trucking to border (e.g., Kasumbalesa), rail/road to port; storage |
Financed party (producer/trader) |
Slots and storage are booked against financed lots. No title, no slot. |
| Port & ocean |
Warrants/receipts, BL issuance, ICC(A) insurance, vessel laycan |
Seller on CIF or buyer on CFR/FOB per contract |
CIF at a discount without prepay asks the seller to bankroll freight and hand you margin. It dies instantly. |
| Pricing & risk |
LME hedge, FX cover, SHFE basis management, margin calls |
Party with credit lines and limits |
No hedge line = you cannot time price. Your “discount” evaporates with carry and basis. |
| Import & delivery |
CIQ/brand acceptance, VAT cash lock, last-mile trucking |
Buyer or bonded financier |
“Pay from proceeds” ignores VAT timing and brand rules. Paperwork beats talk. |