Common LC Discrepancies Under UCP 600

Trade Finance | Documentary Credits

Common LC Discrepancies Under UCP 600

Banks do not pay because a shipment looks real or because the buyer “meant well.” They pay because the document set matches the letter of credit. Most refusals are avoidable. This page breaks down the most common LC discrepancies and how to prevent them with a pre-check mindset.

Why Discrepancies Happen

Letters of credit look straightforward: ship goods, present documents, receive payment. In practice, the letter of credit becomes a strict checklist. The bank examines documents “on their face” and compares them against the credit terms. If something does not match, the bank can refuse. That is not a negotiation. It is how documentary credits function.

Most discrepancies are not bad faith. They are drafting mistakes, operational misunderstandings, or documents produced by third parties (freight forwarders, insurers, inspection firms) who are not working from the same template. Exporters follow the commercial contract. Banks follow the letter of credit. When the contract and the credit are not aligned, the exporter gets trapped between two rulebooks.

Practical rule: treat the letter of credit as the payment rulebook. The sales contract is not what the bank is paying against.

The Most Common LC Discrepancies

Discrepancy Type What It Looks Like How To Prevent It
Goods Description Mismatch Invoice wording differs from the credit. Shortened descriptions, added marketing terms, or different model numbers trigger refusal. Use the credit’s exact description language where required. Avoid extra text unless the credit allows it.
Quantity, Weight, Or Unit Conflicts Different units across documents, rounding differences, net vs gross weight conflicts, or totals that do not reconcile. Standardize units early and reconcile totals across invoice, packing list, and certificates before presentation.
Late Shipment Or Late Presentation Shipment date is after the latest shipment date, or the document presentation is after the allowed presentation period. Manage deadlines like a closing calendar. Build buffer time for weekends, port delays, and document issuance.
Transport Document Problems Wrong consignee, missing endorsements, “claused” bill of lading, missing on-board notation, or incorrect port fields. Confirm the transport document format required by the credit and instruct the forwarder accordingly.
Insurance Errors Coverage amount does not match the required percentage, wrong risks covered, wrong currency, or dates not aligned. Give the exact insurance clause to the broker and validate the coverage math and effective date language.
Certificate Requirements Not Met Certificates have missing fields, incorrect issuer identity, wrong signatory, or wording that does not match credit requirements. Use approved templates and confirm issuer and signing requirements before shipment.
Inconsistent Names And Addresses Different spellings, abbreviations, or addresses across documents, especially between invoice and transport documents. Create one master data sheet and copy from it across all documents. Do not retype.
Missing Or Incorrect Originals/Copies Credit requires “3 originals” or specific copy counts and the set is incomplete or incorrectly marked. Build a document matrix that includes copy counts and marking requirements before preparing the set.
The most expensive mistakes are rarely dramatic. They are small mismatches that give the issuing bank a technical basis to refuse.

A Pre-Check Workflow That Prevents Refusals

A pre-check is not generic proofreading. It is a structured review process designed to identify bank-facing issues before documents enter the banking channel. The goal is to remove avoidable refusal triggers while there is still time to correct documents.

1) Build A Document Matrix

Extract every required document from the credit and list issuer, required wording, signature, dates, and copy/original rules.

2) Lock A Master Data Sheet

Control names, addresses, goods description, quantities, and reference numbers from one source to prevent cross-document drift.

3) Validate Deadlines

Cross-check latest shipment date, presentation period, and any special timing clauses. Confirm third-party issuance timelines.

4) Reconcile The Set

Reconcile totals, dates, and key fields across invoice, packing list, transport, insurance, and certificates before presentation.

If you are operating on a sight settlement, the process is even less forgiving. Our sight payment letter of credit advisory service is structured around pre-issuance review and pre-presentation checks to reduce refusal risk and timing delays.

Submit Documents For A Discrepancy Pre-Check

Send the letter of credit and your draft document set. We will identify refusal risks and provide a structured remediation plan and quote.

Submit Your Deal

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the most common LC discrepancy?

Description mismatches across invoice, packing list, and the letter of credit wording are among the most common triggers for refusal.

Can a bank reject documents even if the shipment is correct?

Yes. Banks examine documents only. A correct cargo does not cure a non-compliant presentation.

How do exporters reduce refusal risk fast?

Align the letter of credit wording with the contract early, then run a structured pre-check before presentation using a controlled document matrix and master data sheet.

Is “waiver negotiation” a reliable strategy?

It is not something to rely on. Waivers depend on the applicant’s willingness and the issuing bank’s process. Prevention is cheaper and faster than refusal recovery.

Educational material only. Financely provides advisory and structuring services only and does not issue letters of credit or act as a bank. Engagement begins after written acceptance and fee confirmation.