What Is A Standby Letter of Credit (SLOC/SBLC)?
A standby letter of credit is not a funding instrument. It is a bank payment guarantee. When structured correctly it enables international trade, construction projects, and credit facilities to exist. When misunderstood it becomes one of the most abused documents in global finance.
A standby letter of credit (SBLC), also called a standby LC or SLOC, is a written commitment issued by a bank stating that the bank will pay a beneficiary if the bank’s client fails to perform a contractual obligation. The obligation can be payment, performance, delivery, or repayment of debt.
The instrument functions as a credit substitute. Instead of relying on the counterparty’s promise, the beneficiary relies on the issuing bank’s balance sheet. The bank becomes the risk bearer.
For a detailed operational overview, see our guide on standby letter of credit structuring and issuance.
The Purpose of an SBLC
Large transactions rarely rely on trust alone. A supplier, lender, or government authority needs assurance that obligations will be honored even if the counterparty encounters financial difficulty.
An SBLC provides that assurance. The bank effectively guarantees payment upon documented default.
Typical uses include international trade, infrastructure projects, construction performance guarantees, lease obligations, and credit facilities.
According to guidance published by the
World Bank trade finance program
, guarantee instruments exist primarily to reduce counterparty risk in cross-border commerce where legal enforcement across jurisdictions is uncertain.
Who Issues Standby Letters of Credit
Only regulated banks and licensed financial institutions can issue a legitimate SBLC. Brokers, platforms, monetizers, and consultants cannot issue one.
The issuing institution must perform full credit underwriting and carry the contingent payment liability on its balance sheet. Because the bank is assuming risk, an SBLC issuance is legally equivalent to extending credit.
Collateral Requirements
Secured SBLC
Most standby letters of credit are fully secured. The applicant pledges cash, securities, or bank-approved collateral. First-time issuers are commonly required to provide 100% cash collateral.
Partially Secured SBLC
Some companies receive facilities supported by receivables, corporate guarantees, or operating cash flow. Banks evaluate audited financial statements, leverage ratios, and liquidity.
Unsecured SBLC
Unsecured SBLCs exist only for large, financially strong companies with established banking relationships. These effectively function as revolving credit facilities.
Cost of a Bank SBLC
The cost depends on credit quality:
- Investment-grade companies: about 0.75% to 2.5% annually
- Mid-market firms: roughly 2% to 6% annually
- Higher-risk applicants: 6% to 10%+ annually
The bank charges a fee because it allocates regulatory capital and assumes payment liability.
What If You Lack Collateral
If a company does not qualify for issuance, it must first build credit capacity. This is typically done through raising debt capital, bringing in equity investors, or obtaining third-party credit support.
Third-party collateral providers pledge capital on behalf of the applicant and charge annual fees because they are risking real balance-sheet exposure.
ISP98 Rules
Standby letters of credit are commonly governed by International Standby Practices (ISP98)
issued by the International Chamber of Commerce. These rules define default triggers, document presentation standards, and payment obligations.
The bank’s obligation is documentary. If compliant documents are presented, the bank must honor payment regardless of disputes between the parties.
Common SBLC Scams
Offers advertising leased SBLCs, SBLC trading programs, monetization profits, or issuance without collateral are not part of regulated banking practice.
Typical fraud schemes charge upfront “processing” fees while claiming a bank will issue a guarantee without underwriting. Banks do not sell SBLCs as products. They approve them as credit decisions.
Issuance Process
- Application and compliance verification
- Credit underwriting and approval
- Collateral pledge or credit facility approval
- Legal wording negotiation
- SWIFT issuance to beneficiary bank
The timeline ranges from two to eight weeks depending on documentation and credit profile.
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FAQ
Is an SBLC the same as a loan?
No. An SBLC is a contingent payment obligation rather than funded debt. The bank does not disburse cash at issuance. It promises to pay only if the applicant defaults. Nevertheless, the bank treats it as credit exposure and performs underwriting similar to a loan approval process.
Can an SBLC be rented or leased?
In regulated banking practice, standby letters of credit are never rented instruments. The issuing bank must underwrite the applicant because it assumes payment liability. Any offer advertising a leased SBLC without underwriting is almost always a fee-collection scheme rather than a legitimate financial transaction.
Why do banks require collateral?
The bank becomes legally obligated to pay the beneficiary if the client defaults. Banking regulations require capital allocation against that risk. Collateral protects the bank’s balance sheet and allows issuance within prudential lending rules.
How long does issuance take?
Clients with existing banking relationships may obtain issuance within two to three weeks after documentation is finalized. New applicants requiring underwriting and collateral structuring typically need one to two months due to compliance checks, credit committee review, and legal documentation.