Securing Capital for Lower Middle Market Companies
Securing Capital for Lower Middle Market Companies
Lower middle market companies sit in the hardest spot: too large for small-business products, not big enough to pull cheap institutional money on name alone. Capital is available, but it goes to firms that show control over cash, clean reporting, and a credible use of funds. This is the playbook that gets deals approved.
Contents
- What “Lower Middle Market” Means
- The Capital Menu
- Credit Metrics Lenders Actually Use
- Documents You Need — Data Room Checklist
- How to Structure the Ask
- Collateral Lenders Respect
- Typical Timeline and Process
- Common Mistakes That Kill Deals
- A Straightforward Playbook
- FAQ
What “Lower Middle Market” Means
We’re talking about companies with roughly $10–$150 million in revenue and $2–$20 million in EBITDA. You have real customers, real operations, and real variance month to month. Banks want stable, predictable cash. Funds want a clear path to repayment with covenants they can monitor. If you cannot show that path, you will pay up or be declined.
The Capital Menu
Product | Use Case | Sizing & Leverage | Key Controls |
---|---|---|---|
Senior Term Loan / RCF | Growth capex, tuck-in M&A, refinancing | 2.0x–3.5x Net Debt / EBITDA typically | Financial covenants, negative pledge, reporting |
Asset-Based Lending (ABL) | Working capital against AR/inventory | AR 80–90%; inventory 40–60% eligible | Borrowing base, dominion of funds, field exams |
Receivables Purchase / Factoring | Faster cash conversion, seasonality | Up to 90% advance on approved debtors | Notice to payer, concentration caps, recourse terms |
Trade Finance (LCs, PO Finance, Inventory-in-Transit) | Import/export of physical goods | Short tenor, self-liquidating | Title control, blocked collections, insurance |
Equipment Finance / Leasing | Machines, vehicles, technology | Loan-to-value 70–90% on new assets | Asset liens, maintenance covenants, insurance |
Mezzanine / Unitranche | Stretch leverage, acquisitions, recap | Total 3.5x–5.0x+ Net Debt / EBITDA | PIK or cash pay, incurrence tests, warrants possible |
Minority Equity / Preferred | Scale-up, balance sheet repair | Dilution instead of leverage | Board rights, dividends, protective provisions |
Credit Metrics Lenders Actually Use
- Net Debt / EBITDA: base-case leverage target, not peak-cycle EBITDA. Many lenders cap 3.0x–3.5x without strong collateral.
- Fixed-Charge Coverage (FCCR): EBITDA less capex and cash taxes divided by fixed charges. >1.2x is a line in the sand for many senior lenders.
- Interest Coverage: EBITDA / cash interest. Healthy starts at ~3.0x and up.
- Working Capital Turns: AR days, inventory days, AP days; lenders hate surprises in these trends.
- Customer Concentration: any buyer >20% of sales needs a plan: contracts, credit insurance, or help from a confirmer.
- Quality of Earnings: one-offs stripped out, revenue recognition policy explained, backlog validated.
Documents You Need — Data Room Checklist
Item | What It Should Show |
---|---|
Audited financials (3 years) + YTD | Clean revenue recognition, margin trends, covenant history |
Monthly management accounts (24 months) | Consistency with audits, variance analysis, working capital metrics |
12–36 month model (base, downside) | Cash conversion, debt service, sensitivity to volume/price/FX |
AR and AP agings; inventory reports | Eligible vs. ineligible, concentrations, slow movers, obsolete stock policy |
Customer and supplier top-20 lists | Contracts, terms, credit limits, churn/renewal rates |
Legal package | Corporate chart, liens, litigation, IP, permits, leases |
Use-of-funds memo | What you will buy, when cash returns, and how it pays the debt |
How to Structure the Ask
Match product to cash flows. If the asset throws off cash quickly, use short-dated facilities that revolve. If it’s a multi-year payoff, accept covenants and price that reflect duration.
- Stage disbursements: draw in tranches against milestones; it lowers risk and can tighten pricing.
- Blend facilities: ABL for working capital plus a smaller term loan for capex beats one oversized line.
- Waterfall the cash: collections go to a controlled account; the lender sweeps; excess returns to you. This wins approvals.
- Downside plan: show actions you take if EBITDA drops 15–20%: freeze hires, cut capex, adjust inventory.
- Covenant candor: negotiate headroom you can live with and reporting you can deliver on time, every time.
Collateral Lenders Respect
Not all collateral is equal. Lenders care about control and liquidation value, not sticker price.
Collateral | What Works | What Doesn’t |
---|---|---|
Receivables | Notice to payer, low disputes, predictable terms | Heavily concentrated, aging beyond 90 days, side letters |
Inventory | Identifiable SKUs, insured, controlled locations | Obsolete stock, consignment confusion, weak counts |
Equipment | Serialised assets, service records, resale market | Custom builds with poor secondary value |
Contracts | Assignable, long-tenor, strong counterparties | Non-assignable, cancellable at will |
Typical Timeline and Process
- Week 0–1: Readiness check. Lock the model, assemble the data room, align management.
- Week 2–3: Market sounding. Shortlist lenders by product fit; no mass blasts. Share a lender-grade teaser and get soft feedback.
- Week 3–5: First-round submissions. Release NDA, send full pack, run Q&A fast. Consistency wins.
- Week 5–7: Term sheets. Compare size, price, covenants, reporting, and fees. Push for meaningful points, not vanity items.
- Week 7–10: Confirmatory diligence. Field exam, legal diligence, collateral checks. Keep responses tight and documented.
- Week 10–12: Closing. Final documents, conditions precedent, first draw mechanics.
Common Mistakes That Kill Deals
- Pitching best-case numbers and hiding volatility; lenders underwrite the base case.
- Asking for a single oversized line instead of a blended solution.
- Weak cash control — collections into operating accounts with no waterfall.
- Messy AR and inventory reporting; no clean aging or counts.
- Late answers and moving targets during diligence.
- Ignoring tax, legal, or lien issues until the last mile.
A Straightforward Playbook
- Define the use of funds. Tie every dollar to an outcome that improves cash generation.
- Build a lender-grade model. Base and downside, with drivers that match how the business actually runs.
- Clean the working capital data. AR/AP agings and inventory that reconcile to the ledger.
- Choose the right products. ABL or receivables purchase for working capital; term debt for capex; trade finance for physical flows; mezzanine or minority equity for stretch.
- Set controls upfront. Blocked collections, borrowing base, inspection, and insurance. This is non-negotiable for better pricing.
- Engage targeted counterparties. Pick lenders that actually write your ticket size in your sector.
- Respond fast and consistently. One source of truth, one owner for the data room, deadline discipline.
FAQ
What’s a realistic leverage range?
For senior debt, expect 2.0x–3.5x Net Debt / EBITDA if cash flows are stable and reporting is solid. Higher leverage requires stronger collateral or a mezzanine layer that prices the extra risk.
How do I lower pricing?
Improve visibility and control: borrowing base with weekly certificates, blocked collections, covenant headroom, and audited statements. Lenders price to risk and effort. Make both easier.
What if I have customer concentration?
Use credit insurance, confirmations, or longer-term contracts with clear claims mechanics. Cap exposure by debtor and show alternates in the pipeline. Do not ask the lender to ignore concentration; manage it.
Is equity always a last resort?
Not if leverage would strain cash. Minority equity or preferred can stabilize the balance sheet and unlock cheaper senior lines. Over-borrowing is more expensive in the end.
This article is general information for corporate readers. Requirements vary by jurisdiction, sector, and lender. Always verify current standards with legal, tax, and banking advisers.
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