Trade Finance & Credit Enhancement
What Is a Letter of Guarantee from a Bank?
A letter of guarantee from a bank is a written undertaking issued by a bank stating that it will pay a specified amount to a beneficiary if its client fails to meet contractual obligations. It transfers performance or payment risk from the contracting party to the bank.
In commercial transactions, trust is rarely enough. Counterparties want security. A letter of guarantee from a bank provides that security by substituting the bank’s credit profile for that of the applicant. If the applicant defaults under the underlying contract, the beneficiary can make a demand under the guarantee.
How a Letter of Guarantee from a Bank Works
Underlying Agreement
A commercial contract requires security. The parties agree that a bank guarantee will be issued for a defined amount and duration.
Bank Underwriting
The issuing bank evaluates the applicant’s financial strength, collateral, and exposure limits before approving issuance.
Issuance
The bank issues the guarantee in favor of the beneficiary with clear demand conditions and expiry terms.
Demand and Payment
If the applicant fails to perform, the beneficiary submits a compliant demand. The bank pays if the demand meets the wording requirements.
Most modern guarantees are demand guarantees. The bank pays against a compliant written demand without litigating the underlying dispute.
Common Types of Letters of Guarantee from a Bank
Performance Guarantee
Ensures completion of works or services under a contract.
Advance Payment Guarantee
Protects funds paid upfront before goods or services are delivered.
Bid Bond
Secures a bidder’s commitment to enter into a contract if selected.
Financial Guarantee
Backs financial obligations such as lease payments or loan servicing.
Costs, Collateral, and Credit Requirements
| Component |
Market Practice |
| Annual Fee |
Typically 0.75% to 3% of the guarantee amount |
| Collateral |
Cash margin, deposit lien, corporate guarantee, or asset security |
| Tenor |
Aligned with the underlying contract term |
| Approval Process |
Full credit underwriting and compliance review |
There is no legitimate structure where a bank issues a guarantee without underwriting, fees, and credit backing. Any promise of unsecured guarantees without cost should be treated with caution.
Letter of Guarantee from a Bank vs Letter of Credit
Although both instruments are issued by banks and mitigate risk, they serve different commercial purposes.
| Feature |
Letter of Guarantee |
Letter of Credit |
| Purpose |
Secures performance or financial obligation |
Secures payment for goods or services |
| Trigger |
Default or non-performance |
Presentation of compliant trade documents |
| Nature |
Contingent security instrument |
Payment mechanism in trade |
| Typical Use |
Construction, leasing, infrastructure |
International shipment of goods |
Frequently Asked Questions
Is a letter of guarantee from a bank legally binding?
Yes. Once issued, it is a binding undertaking by the bank subject to its terms and governing law.
Does the bank need collateral to issue a guarantee?
In most cases, yes. Banks allocate capital and require either strong credit metrics or tangible security.
How is it different from a letter of credit?
A letter of guarantee responds to default. A letter of credit pays against compliant shipping or contractual documents, even if no default has occurred.
Can a guarantee be used without an underlying transaction?
No. Banks issue guarantees to support real contractual obligations. Standalone speculative uses are not bankable.
Require a Bank Guarantee or Structured Credit Support?
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