How to Bridge the Equity Gap for Solar Projects

How to Bridge the Equity Gap for Solar Projects | Structures, Sources, Security, Step-by-Step

How to Bridge the Equity Gap for Solar Projects

Equity is the hardest money to place in a solar deal. Lenders want 20–35 percent true equity at notice to proceed, while sponsors try to stretch every dollar across development, interconnection, and equipment deposits. The solution is not one product. It is a stack that combines grants, tax equity or incentives, structured equity, mezzanine pieces, and commercial levers such as EPC deferrals and offtake prepayments. This guide shows exactly how to assemble that stack and reach financial close.

What the “equity gap” actually is

The equity gap is the shortfall between the sponsor’s cash and the minimum equity required by the senior lender and intercreditor tests at NTP and COD. Typical drivers are higher interconnection costs, conservative EPC contingencies, delayed milestone receipts, or a lender tightening DSCR and reserve rules after diligence.

The capital stack that clears credit

Sponsor equity and co-equity
  • Cash from sponsor and co-investors at HoldCo or SPV
  • Earn-in rights for a strategic EPC or O&M partner
  • Step-down after COD via refinancing if DSCR allows
Preferred equity or mezzanine
  • Contractual yield plus back-ended kicker
  • Security: share charge, cash sweep, distribution lock-up
  • Tenor: to COD plus 1–3 years, then refinanced
Tax equity and incentives
  • Jurisdictional incentives, refunds, transferable credits
  • Monetize at COD or earlier with bridge lines
  • Intercreditor drafted to match lender reserve rules
Grant or viability gap funding
  • Government or utility programs for grid and storage
  • Evidence of allocation in CPs to reduce equity need
Offtake prepayment and anchor deposits
  • Prepaid PPA tranches against delivery schedule
  • Discount to tariff, priced as working capital
  • Ring-fenced with escrow and performance protections
EPC and supplier deferrals
  • Deferred milestone payments within EPC warranty limits
  • Module or inverter vendor terms secured by SBLC
  • Aligns cash out with lender draw and PPA milestones
Carbon and REC pre-financing
  • Forward sale of RECs or I-RECs with delivery covenants
  • Warehouse line against verified issuance
Bridge-to-COD lines
  • Short-tenor facilities for deposits and interconnection
  • Rolls into term debt once tests pass
Standbys and guarantees
  • SBLCs for advance payments, performance, and grid letters
  • Reduce upfront cash while meeting CPs

Security package and cash controls that pass credit committees

Security

Share pledge, assignment of project docs, charge over accounts, direct agreements with EPC and O&M, step-in rights, and appropriate insurance endorsements.

Cash waterfall

Revenue account to O&M, taxes, debt service, reserves, then distributions. Mezz or pref sits above common equity with agreed sweeps and cure rights.

Covenants

Minimum DSCR at COD and forward, capex cap, change-order limits, hedging where needed, distribution tests, and cure mechanics for delays.

Step-by-step: from shortfall to close

  1. Gap sizing. Update model with lender base case. Lock PPA, irradiance, interconnection, EPC price, reserves, and COD tests.
  2. Stack selection. Choose the least dilutive mix that the senior lender will accept. Map intercreditor and cash waterfall early.
  3. Indicative terms. Solicit heads of terms for pref or mezz, offtake prepay, vendor deferrals, and bridge lines. Align maturities.
  4. ICAs and term sheets. Draft intercreditor agreements, security sharing, and cure rights with the senior lender’s counsel.
  5. Due diligence. Technical, legal, grid, environmental, and insurance. Cure red flags before term sheet signing where possible.
  6. Documentation. Facility agreements, pref LLCAs, security documents, direct agreements, and tax or incentive contracts.
  7. Funding sequence. Equity and pref fund first, then senior and bridge lines per CPs. Track sources and uses against the budget.
  8. Close and NTP. Meet CPs, issue notices, lock reporting cadence, and set COD trigger tests and cure paths.

Regional notes in brief

United States

Tax equity or transferable credits change the stack. Bridge against incentive proceeds. Intercreditor must match reserve and DSCR tests used by lenders.

Europe

FiT and CfD regimes vary. Grants and grid contributions can be senior lender CPs. PPAs with quality offtakers improve mezz uptake.

India and Africa

Structured equity and mezz are common. Offtaker quality and currency terms are decisive. Consider PRI and payment security mechanisms.

Documents a funder will ask for

Commercial and technical
  • Site control, permits, interconnection studies
  • PPA or offtake term sheet, tariff details
  • EPC and O&M contracts with warranties
  • Resource assessment and generation studies
Financial and legal
  • Financial model with audit trail and scenarios
  • Corp structure, KYC, shareholder agreements
  • Insurance schedule and endorsements
  • Environmental and social reports

Three example stacks that actually close

Utility-scale with healthy PPA

Senior term debt 60–70%. Sponsor 10–15%. Preferred equity 10–15% with cash sweep. Grant or incentive bridge 5–10%. EPC deferrals 5% within warranty limits.

C&I portfolio

Aggregation senior line 55–65%. Sponsor 10–15%. Offtaker prepayment 5–10% at discount. Mezz 10–15% with DSCR step-downs. REC forward sale support.

Emerging market with currency risk

Senior 50–60% with PRI and DSRA. Sponsor 10–15%. Structured equity 10–20% with FX sharing. EPC deferrals 5%. Of f taker support or guarantees where available.

Common pitfalls that destroy timelines

  • No alignment between EPC schedule of values and the lender draw model
  • Unhedged currency in module contracts against a local-currency tariff
  • Overly complex pref waterfalls that clash with senior lock-ups
  • Missing direct agreements or weak step-in language
  • Underestimated grid upgrade scope and timing

Frequently asked questions

How much true equity do lenders expect?

Most senior lenders want 20–35 percent at NTP, tested against DSCR at COD and through life. Some accept lower if there is a strong offtaker and extra reserves.

Can preferred equity replace sponsor equity?

It can fill the gap, but credit committees still look at sponsor skin in the game. Expect limits on distributions until tests are met.

Do EPC deferrals count as equity?

Not as equity, but they reduce cash needed before COD. Senior lenders like deferrals if warranty and performance security remain intact.

Bridge Your Solar Equity Gap

We assemble a bank-acceptable stack to reach NTP and COD: sponsor and co-equity, preferred equity or mezz with clean intercreditor terms, incentive or tax credit bridges, EPC deferrals secured by standbys, and offtake prepayments or REC forwards. You receive a model-driven sources-and-uses plan, draft term sheets, security and waterfall maps, and execution from heads of terms to funding. Share your PPA or tariff, EPC draft, interconnection status, financial model, and KYC and we will revert with eligibility and pricing bands plus a closing timeline.

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