Commercial Real Estate Finance Risk Control
How To Avoid Predatory Commercial Real Estate Lenders
Not every expensive lender is predatory. Some deals are genuinely risky and priced that way. The problem starts when pricing is unclear, control rights are hidden, conditions are impossible to satisfy, or the lender uses the term sheet to trap the borrower into fees, deposits, and no-shop periods before the file has a real path to close.
If you are raising debt for a commercial real estate acquisition, bridge loan, refinance, or construction phase, you need to review the term sheet like a legal and underwriting document, not a marketing summary. Most losses happen because sponsors focus on the headline rate and ignore the control terms.
A predatory structure rarely announces itself. It usually shows up as vague pricing language, lender discretion that is too broad, uncapped fees, aggressive default triggers, and prepayment terms that destroy your exit flexibility.
What “Predatory” Looks Like In Commercial Real Estate Lending
In commercial real estate finance, predatory behavior often appears as a pattern, not a single clause. A lender may present a competitive coupon, then recover economics through points, legal fees, reserve traps, extension fees, default interest, forced escrows, and tight covenants that push the borrower into a refinance crisis.
Hidden Economics
Headline pricing looks acceptable, but total cost balloons after origination fees, exit fees, legal charges, reserves, and extension costs are added.
Control Creep
Cash management, approvals, leasing controls, and transfer restrictions are drafted so broadly that the borrower loses day-to-day operating flexibility.
Ambiguous Conditions
Close conditions are vague or subjective, giving the lender an easy path to delay, reprice, or walk while keeping fees and deposits.
Exit Traps
Lockouts, yield maintenance, defeasance, or prepayment premiums make a refinance or sale uneconomic even when the property performs.
Before You Even Read The Term Sheet: Pre-Screen The Lender
A strong sponsor screens counterparties before sharing a full file. That saves time and protects your team from fake lenders, fee collectors, and parties that cannot fund at the size they advertise.
- Verify the legal entity:
exact entity name, registration, address, and who signs for the lender.
- Verify track record:
closed transactions, asset types, check sizes, and recent execution references.
- Verify source of capital:
balance sheet, credit line, fund, warehouse line, or capital partner.
- Verify who underwrites:
internal credit committee, external capital partner, or brokered to third parties.
- Verify whether they are a principal or intermediary:
a broker can still be useful, but the role and compensation must be clear.
- Check registration claims:
do not accept “regulated” or “licensed” statements without evidence.
- Watch for upfront fee pressure:
especially “guaranteed approval” language or processing fees before diligence is real.
Use public records, state regulator checks, and basic corporate due diligence before signing exclusivity. If a party resists basic verification, that is a signal on its own.
Commercial Real Estate Term Sheet Checklist
This is the section most borrowers rush through. Slow down here. The term sheet sets the negotiating map for the loan documents. If a term is unclear now, it usually gets worse in the commitment letter or credit agreement.
| Term Sheet Item |
What To Check |
Why It Matters |
Red Flag |
| Loan Amount And Basis |
Is sizing based on loan-to-value, loan-to-cost, debt service coverage, debt yield, or a mix? |
Borrowers often assume the headline amount is fixed when it is still subject to appraisal, underwriting, or lower cash flow sizing. |
“Up to” loan amount with broad lender discretion and no clear sizing tests. |
| Interest Rate Structure |
Fixed or floating, benchmark index, spread, floor, day count, and reset mechanics. |
Real cost depends on benchmark plus spread, floors, and how interest accrues. |
Missing benchmark definitions or vague “market rate at close” wording. |
| Origination Fees And Points |
Points, underwriting fees, admin fees, exit fees, and when each is earned. |
Total cost can move sharply above the quoted coupon. |
Multiple layered fees and non-refundable amounts before full diligence milestones. |
| Lender Legal And Third-Party Costs |
Who pays appraisal, engineering, environmental, counsel, and whether costs are capped. |
Uncapped costs can become a hidden economic transfer. |
Borrower pays “all lender costs” with no cap and no approval rights. |
| Good Faith Deposit |
Amount, where it is held, refund rules, and what happens if the lender declines. |
Deposit disputes are common when the lender controls the release conditions. |
Large non-refundable deposit before term sheet conditions are clear. |
| Exclusivity / No-Shop |
Duration, scope, carve-outs, and whether it survives lender delays. |
Locks the borrower while time and leverage disappear. |
No-shop with no lender response deadlines or no performance obligations. |
| Term And Extensions |
Base term, extension options, extension fees, and extension conditions. |
Some “extensions” are illusory because conditions are too strict. |
Extension requires lender consent only, new underwriting, or repricing at lender discretion. |
| Amortization And Balloon |
Interest-only period, amortization schedule, and balloon at maturity. |
Maturity risk can be severe even if monthly payments look manageable. |
Balloon risk not acknowledged in the sponsor’s exit plan. |
| Recourse And Carve-Outs |
Non-recourse structure, guarantors, and carve-out triggers. |
“Non-recourse” can become personal liability if carve-outs are broad. |
Carve-outs drafted as open-ended conduct standards without limits. |
| Default Interest And Late Charges |
Default rate increment, late fees, compounding, and cure rights. |
Small defaults can snowball into a forced restructuring. |
High default rate plus immediate cash sweep and broad event-of-default definitions. |
| Prepayment Terms |
Lockout, step-down, yield maintenance, defeasance, and assumptions. |
Exit flexibility directly affects refinance and sale strategy. |
Severe prepayment economics not modeled in the borrower’s hold period plan. |
| Cash Management |
Lockbox, springing cash management triggers, waterfall, reserve releases. |
Cash control terms can shift operating control long before a formal default. |
Low trigger thresholds and lender discretion over reserve release timing. |
| Reserves |
Tax, insurance, leasing, tenant improvement, capital expenditure, and interest reserves. |
Reserves protect lenders but can reduce borrower liquidity materially. |
Open-ended reserve requirements sized later by lender. |
| Covenants And Reporting |
Debt service coverage, debt yield, occupancy, leasing tests, reporting frequency. |
Operational covenants can trigger cash sweeps or defaults if unrealistic. |
Frequent reporting and tight covenants with no cure periods. |
| Conditions Precedent |
Appraisal, PCA, environmental, estoppels, SNDA, title, zoning, organizational docs. |
A term sheet with loose conditions can hide major execution risk. |
Subjective conditions such as “acceptable to lender in all respects.” |
| Transfer And Assumption Rights |
Permitted transfers, affiliate transfers, partial interests, and assumption process. |
These terms affect future recapitalizations and exits. |
Near-total transfer restrictions with high consent fees. |
| Assignment By Lender |
Can lender assign freely, and to whom? |
Your lender at closing may not be your lender six months later. |
Unlimited assignment to distressed buyers with no notice or borrower protections. |
The Clauses Borrowers Most Commonly Underestimate
“Subject To” Language
If the term sheet is loaded with “subject to underwriting,” “subject to committee,” and “subject to market” language, it may be only a teaser. Ask what is already approved and what is still open.
Fee Earned Timing
A fair structure should state when fees are earned and when deposits are refundable. If the lender can keep fees after it fails to close for internal reasons, the economics are one-sided.
Recourse By Drafting Style
Sponsors focus on the label “non-recourse” and skip the carve-outs. Read every guaranty trigger. The risk lives in the carve-out definitions and remedies.
Cash Sweep Triggers
A springing cash management clause can hand over operating cash control based on debt service coverage, occupancy, or reporting defaults. Model how fast that can happen.
Questions To Ask Before You Sign A Term Sheet
- What is fully approved today?
Ask what is already cleared by credit and what still needs committee approval.
- Who is the real lender?
Ask whether the named entity is funding directly or brokering the file.
- What fees are refundable?
Get the answer in writing, with objective triggers.
- What can reprice?
Rate, leverage, reserves, recourse, and extension conditions should be listed.
- What are the default triggers?
Ask for payment defaults and non-monetary defaults separately.
- What are the prepayment economics?
Have counsel model the cost under refinance and sale scenarios.
- What cash controls apply?
Ask when lockbox or cash sweep activates and how funds are released.
- What are the lender deadlines?
A no-shop without lender deadlines is a bad trade.
How Sponsors Get Trapped In Practice
The usual sequence is simple. A sponsor signs a term sheet fast because the purchase agreement clock is running. The lender collects a deposit, starts third-party reports, then adds reserves, reduces proceeds, and tightens recourse language late in the process. The sponsor has lost time, leverage, and alternatives, so they accept terms they would have rejected at the start.
The fix is not paranoia. The fix is process discipline, term sheet review, and side-by-side comparisons before exclusivity starts.
Practical note: if the loan is floating-rate, confirm the benchmark and spread clearly. Many commercial real estate loans reference SOFR, and the benchmark mechanics should be stated precisely in the term sheet and loan documents.
For a reference source on SOFR methodology, see the Federal Reserve Bank of New York page linked below in the resources section.
Who Should Review The Term Sheet Before You Commit
- Borrower counsel:
to identify liability, default, security, and control issues early.
- Commercial real estate finance advisor:
to compare market terms and spot economic leakage.
- Sponsor CFO or controller:
to model all fees, reserves, and prepayment costs.
- Asset manager or operator:
to test reporting, leasing controls, and cash management terms against real operations.
External Resources Worth Reviewing
Where Financely Fits
We help borrowers and sponsors review commercial real estate debt proposals before they get boxed into one-sided structures. That includes term sheet comparisons, fee mapping, covenant stress review, cash control analysis, and identifying the clauses most likely to create refinance or closing risk later.
We do not replace your lawyer. We work alongside counsel so the legal review is focused on the economic and control terms that matter most to the transaction.
For service scope, review
what we do. If you already have a live commercial real estate financing proposal, submit the file through our
deal submission page.
A term sheet can be “non-binding” and still create real cost and leverage loss through deposits, exclusivity, confidentiality, expense reimbursement, and timing pressure. Treat it as a serious commercial document.
Need A Second Pair Of Eyes On A Commercial Real Estate Loan Term Sheet?
If you have a bridge loan, refinance, acquisition loan, or construction-related term sheet and want a straight answer before signing, send it in. We can review the economics, fees, covenant structure, reserve mechanics, recourse language, and prepayment terms to help you spot what is standard, what is aggressive, and what could hurt your exit.
A useful submission includes the term sheet, property summary, rent roll or operating snapshot, purchase agreement or refinance objective, sponsor structure, and timeline to close.
Submit Your Deal
FAQ
Is a high interest rate alone proof of a predatory lender?
No. Some assets and sponsor situations are higher risk. The real test is whether the total economics and control terms are transparent, proportional, and executable.
What is the biggest term sheet mistake borrowers make?
They focus on the coupon and loan amount, then ignore reserves, prepayment restrictions, default interest, recourse carve-outs, and cash management terms.
Should I pay a deposit at term sheet stage?
Sometimes yes, but the amount, holder, use of proceeds, and refund rules must be clear and objective. Do not treat deposit language as routine boilerplate.
What makes a no-shop clause dangerous?
It is dangerous when it locks the borrower while the lender has no hard timeline, no underwriting milestones, and broad rights to reprice or decline late.
Can a non-recourse loan still create personal liability?
Yes. Non-recourse loans often include guaranties and carve-outs. The actual risk depends on the carve-out triggers and remedies, not the label alone.
Why do prepayment terms matter if I plan to hold the property?
Plans change. Sale, refinance, partner exits, and recapitalizations happen. If prepayment economics are punitive, they can block otherwise sensible options.
Can a broker still be helpful if they are not the lender?
Yes, if the broker’s role, compensation, and lender access are clear. Problems start when a broker presents itself as principal capital and hides the chain.
When should legal counsel get involved?
Before you sign exclusivity or pay material deposits. Early review is cheaper than fixing a bad structure after timing pressure builds.