Trade Finance Documentation
Guide To Irrevocable Letter Of Credit
An irrevocable Letter of Credit is a bank payment undertaking that cannot be changed or canceled without consent of all required parties. In practical terms, it gives the seller stronger payment certainty when shipment and document conditions are met.
In cross-border trade, payment risk is not theoretical. Buyers worry about performance. Sellers worry about being paid after shipment. An irrevocable Letter of Credit bridges that gap by turning commercial terms into bank-controlled documentary conditions.
If you are evaluating issuance support, structure design, or collateral strategy, you can review our service scope
and execution process.
How An Irrevocable Letter Of Credit Works
1) Commercial Contract
Buyer and seller agree commodity, quantity, pricing basis, Incoterms, and documentary conditions.
2) Application To Issuing Bank
Applicant submits LC request with facility terms, collateral package, and transaction documents.
3) Credit Approval
Bank underwrites the applicant, sets margin and fees, and confirms acceptable risk limits.
4) SWIFT Issuance
LC is issued, typically via MT700, to the advising bank for beneficiary notification.
5) Shipment And Documents
Seller ships and presents required documents within the validity and presentation window.
6) Examination And Payment
Banks examine document compliance and process payment according to LC tenor and terms.
A Letter of Credit is document-driven. Banks do not underwrite goods performance at document-check stage. Precision in documentary conditions matters more than long contract language.
Collateral Requirements
Collateral is set by the issuing bank according to applicant credit quality, transaction complexity, tenor, jurisdiction profile, and product risk. There is no universal margin level.
| Applicant Profile |
Typical Collateral Approach |
What Drives The Level |
| Top-tier corporate with strong bank lines |
Low to moderate cash margin, supported by existing facilities |
Financial strength, track record, internal bank limits |
| Mid-market company with operating history |
Partial cash margin plus security package |
Leverage, liquidity, collateral quality, jurisdiction risk |
| New or thin-credit profile |
High cash margin, often near full coverage |
Limited credit history, counterparty and country exposure |
| Structured trade flow with ring-fenced cashflows |
Margin plus assigned receivables and control covenants |
Transaction control, buyer quality, repayment visibility |
Common Collateral Components
- Cash margin blocked in account.
- Charge over receivables, inventory, or deposit accounts.
- Corporate guarantees and, when required, personal guarantees.
- Security assignment over contract proceeds.
- Covenants, reporting obligations, and draw controls.
Procedures And Practical Timeline
| Stage |
Indicative Timing |
Key Output |
| Intake And Structuring |
2 to 5 business days |
Draft term logic, document list, and bankability review |
| Bank Credit Review |
1 to 3 weeks |
Credit decision with margin, fees, and conditions |
| Legal And Documentation |
3 to 10 business days |
Final LC text, security docs, and conditions precedent |
| Issuance |
1 to 3 business days |
SWIFT issuance to advising bank |
| Document Presentation And Settlement |
Depends on shipment and tenor |
Document check, discrepancy handling, payment |
Costs You Should Budget For
Cost stacks vary by bank and profile. The list below is an indicative market framework for planning, not a quote.
| Cost Item |
How It Is Usually Charged |
Indicative Range |
| Issuance Commission |
Annualized percentage on face amount, prorated by tenor |
About 1.00% to 4.50% p.a. |
| Advising / Confirmation |
Charged by advising or confirming bank |
About 0.50% to 3.00%+ |
| SWIFT And Admin Fees |
Flat operational fees per issuance/amendment |
Bank schedule based |
| Amendment Fees |
Flat fee per amendment event |
Commonly USD 150 to USD 1,000+ |
| Discrepancy Fees |
Charged when documents contain discrepancies |
Per discrepancy event |
| Financely Advisory Fee |
Mandate fee for structuring and placement workflow |
Starts from published mandate pricing, scope dependent |
Most failed LC transactions fail before issuance because the file is not lender-ready, documentary conditions are badly drafted, or collateral assumptions are unrealistic.
Where Financely Adds Value
Collateral Strategy
We help map realistic collateral paths and avoid unworkable margin assumptions.
LC Text Structuring
We align payment mechanics and documentary conditions with executable banking practice.
Lender-Facing Underwriting
We package the transaction for decision-grade review, not generic submission blasts.
Execution Control
We coordinate intake, documentation, bank routing, and close support under one process lane.
FAQ
Is every Letter of Credit irrevocable?
In modern trade practice under UCP 600, credits are treated as irrevocable unless explicitly structured otherwise.
Can I get an LC with zero cash collateral?
Possible for strong applicants with established bank limits, but many files require partial or full margin plus additional security.
How long does issuance take?
Clean files can move quickly, while complex files can take weeks. Speed depends on credit readiness, legal work, and documentation quality.
What creates extra cost?
Frequent amendments, weak document drafting, repeated discrepancies, and poor file preparation increase total transaction cost.
Do you guarantee issuance?
No. Services are provided on a best-efforts advisory and placement basis and remain subject to bank underwriting and approvals.
What is the first step?
Submit a live transaction with target amount, tenor, counterparties, and available collateral details for fit screening.
Need Irrevocable LC Structuring And Issuance Support?
Submit your transaction and get an execution path based on collateral reality, banking practice, and timing constraints.
Submit Your Deal