Project Finance Structuring
How Unincorporated Joint Ventures Work In Project Finance
An unincorporated joint venture, or UJV, is a contractual arrangement between two or more parties that choose not to create a separate company for the project. The parties work together under a joint venture agreement while keeping assets, liabilities, and tax positions on their own balance sheets. In mining, energy, transport, and other capital-heavy sectors, that can offer speed and flexibility. It also creates lender questions around cash flow control, security, liability, and enforcement.
A UJV can be commercially useful when sponsors want to keep licenses, reserves, or tax attributes in place without transferring everything into a separate SPV. It can also be harder to finance if the documents are weak, the voting mechanics are vague, or the lender has no clear path to security and cure rights. The structure is workable. The paperwork has to be tight.
| Issue |
Unincorporated Joint Venture |
Incorporated Joint Venture |
| Legal Personality |
No separate legal entity. The contract governs rights and obligations. |
A company, LLP, or other vehicle has its own legal status. |
| Ownership of Assets |
Assets are usually held directly by the participants, often as tenants in common or through an operator structure. |
Assets are typically owned by the SPV. |
| Tax Position |
Profits and losses generally flow directly to the participants. |
The entity is taxed first, then value is distributed. |
| Liability |
Liability follows the contract and applicable law. It may be several or, in some cases, joint and several. |
Liability is usually limited to the ownership interest in the vehicle, subject to guarantees and other support. |
Why Sponsors Choose UJVs
Speed
No new company needs to be formed just to start the relationship. That can reduce setup work and shorten the early phase of the transaction.
Direct Ownership
Sponsors can often keep direct exposure to reserves, production, licenses, and concessions rather than pushing everything into a separate vehicle.
Tax And Accounting Flexibility
Participants may preserve existing tax attributes and book their share of economics directly, depending on the jurisdiction and accounting treatment.
Exit Flexibility
A participant may transfer an undivided interest in the project rather than selling equity in a company, subject to consent rules and lender conditions.
Main point:
a UJV is not a shortcut around lender discipline. It simply changes where the rights sit and how the financing package has to be built.
Core Documents
- Joint Venture Agreement:
covers cost sharing, revenue allocation, governance, voting thresholds, defaults, dilution, transfers, and deadlock rules.
- Operating Agreement:
appoints the operator and sets work programs, budgets, reporting duties, and performance standards.
- Offtake Or Sales Contracts:
allocate production and revenue rights or appoint a marketing agent.
- Security Documents:
give lenders a pledge, assignment, or charge over each participant’s rights and proceeds where the law allows.
How A UJV Can Be Financed
Single Borrower Structure
One participant, often the operator or strongest sponsor, raises debt and may on-lend or carry the others. Lenders look to that borrower’s balance sheet and its UJV interest.
Pro Rata Borrowing
Each participant funds its own share. This avoids some cross-party credit risk but can complicate project execution if one sponsor falls behind.
Club Facilities To Participants
A bank group extends parallel facilities to the sponsors under a common framework. Covenants and security principles can be aligned while drawdowns remain separate.
Hybrid Structures
Some projects mix sponsor funding, shareholder support, and external debt. The more layers you add, the more important the intercreditor and control mechanics become.
Security Package Considerations
- Pledge or charge over the participant’s undivided interest in licenses, leases, concessions, or project rights, where legally possible.
- Assignment of receivables, proceeds, and payment rights under offtake or sales contracts.
- Charges over project accounts, reserve accounts, and cash waterfalls, whether held separately or through a pooled arrangement.
- Direct agreements with the operator, key contractors, and major counterparties to give lenders notice rights and step-in rights.
Risk Allocation
| Risk Area |
Typical UJV Position |
| Cost Overruns |
Usually shared in line with participation interests. A defaulting party may face dilution, suspension, or buy-out consequences. |
| Operator Performance |
The operator may owe indemnities for negligence or breach, but lenders usually want cure rights before removal. |
| Withdrawal Or Default |
An exiting or defaulting party may lose future economics while still carrying liability for previously approved budgets or obligations. |
| Force Majeure |
Relief is usually tied to the work program and contract wording. Insurance proceeds are often shared pro rata unless the documents say otherwise. |
Accounting And Tax Points
- IFRS treatment depends on control, rights, and the legal structure around the arrangement.
- Capital allowances and tax shields may flow directly to each sponsor rather than staying inside a project company.
- VAT, withholding tax, and transfer pricing issues need to reflect direct ownership and direct sales of each participant’s share of output.
Common mistake:
sponsors often assume a good commercial relationship is enough. It is not. If the voting rules, default remedies, and transfer clauses are loose, the lender will pick that apart fast.
Lender Due Diligence Checklist
- Check whether the joint venture agreement can be amended without lender consent.
- Confirm how financing defaults interact with UJV defaults and cross-default provisions.
- Verify that liens, assignments, and charges can actually be created and perfected in each relevant jurisdiction.
- Stress test cash flows at participant level, not just at total project level.
- Confirm operator replacement rights, notice rights, and cure periods.
Exit And Transfer Rights
- Rights of first refusal in favor of existing participants are common.
- Drag-along and tag-along rights may appear where a majority interest is sold.
- Lenders and regulators may require a pre-approved transferee standard or prior consent language.
Practical Steps To Form A UJV
- Prepare a commercial term sheet covering participation shares, governance, operator role, and budget approval thresholds.
- Instruct counsel to draft the joint venture agreement, operating agreement, transfer rules, and security framework.
- Get early lender feedback before locking the documents.
- Align offtake, EPC, O&M, and other project contracts with the intended cash flow model.
- Execute the finance documents, close the UJV arrangements, and complete all registrations and notices.
Common Pitfalls
- Ambiguous voting thresholds for capex changes, debt incurrence, and material amendments.
- No real remedy against an unfunded participant.
- Operator incentives that do not match lender covenant expectations.
- Delayed regulatory approvals or overlooked consent requirements.
How Financely Supports UJV Sponsors
- Structuring term sheets that reflect participant-level cash flow splits and lender controls.
- Financial modeling for each sponsor, including downside sensitivity, reserve needs, and debt service analysis.
- Lender outreach, mandate support, and club formation where appropriate.
- Coordination with counsel on security packages, covenant structure, and funding mechanics.
- Support through amendments, waivers, and ongoing financing adjustments.
Need Help Structuring A UJV Finance Package?
If your project involves multiple sponsors, split ownership, or a UJV structure that needs to be packaged for lenders, Financely can help shape the financing case and prepare it for market.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is a UJV easier to finance than an SPV structure?
Not automatically. It can be quicker to set up, but lenders often need more work on security, governance, amendment controls, and participant-level cash flow analysis.
Can lenders take security over a UJV interest?
Often yes, but the answer depends on the governing law, the asset type, the licensing regime, and the joint venture documents. This needs to be checked early.
Why do sponsors use UJVs in mining and energy?
Because they may want direct ownership of reserves, licenses, production shares, or tax attributes without transferring everything into a separate company.
What is the biggest financing risk in a UJV?
Poor drafting. Weak voting rules, bad default remedies, and unclear transfer rights can make a financeable project hard to close.